SVEK13003U Veterinary Imaging

Volume 2013/2014
Education
MSc Programme in Veterinary Medicine - compulsory
Content
Basis of conventional radiographic imaging· Production of x-rays· The x-ray spectrum· Manipulation of the spectrum of x-rays emitted from diagnostic x-ray tubes· Interaction of x-rays with matter· Compton and photoelectric effects· Concepts of radiographic density· Causes of poor image contrast with emphasis on scattered radiation.· Image sharpness· Radiographic image detectorsBasic radiography· Production of optimal radiographic images.· Positioning and technical aspects relating to correct positioning and exposure for standard views of the skeleton, thorax and abdomen in veterinary species.· The use of appropriate radiographic terminology.Radiographic anatomy/topographic anatomy:· The common anatomical features within various body regions including the head, neck, thoracic and pelvic limbs, the thorax and abdomen, that are of relevance for the interpretation of diagnostic images produced by the range of modern imaging modalities. Special focus will be put on images from the dog, cat and horse. Radiation safety and radiation biology· The nature of x-rays as an ionizing radiation, the effect of these radiations on biological tissue, and the relation between tissue dose and biological effect. Examples of tissue effects based on dose response. · The legal requirements in relation to work related exposure of personnel to ionizing radiation as a result of imaging and therapeutic uses of these radiations. Dose limits and the “ALARA” (As Low As Reasonable Achievable) principal.· The appropriate radiation safety steps, with practical examples relating to work practice and work place infrastructure, based on Danish legislation in this area. Ultrasound MRI, CT, and ScintigraphyPhysical basis of the various modalities:Ultrasound imaging:· Nature of ultrasound beams· Effect of insonation frequency on image quality· Physical basis for tissue echogenesity· Brightness mode imaging· Doppler imaging· Concept of cross sectional imaging· Examples of clinical applicationsComputer tomography:· Cross sectional and planar reconstruction · The CT number, linear attenuation coefficients for x-rays and the Hounsfield Unit.· Digital image windowing, window width and centre.· Examples of clinical applicationsScintigraphy:· Radioisotopes with emphasis on 99Tcm· Radiopharmaceuticals · Examples of clinical applicationsMagnetic resonance imaging:· Hydrogen as a magnetic dipole· Magnetic gradients· Radiofrequency coils· Relaxation properties of tissues· Basis of image generation· Examples of clinical applications
Learning Outcome
Knowledge:
·Be able to comment on the suitability of various imaging modalities in response to selected clinical scenarios.
·Comment on the risk associated with radiographic practice and relate them to commonly encountered, non-radiological risks.
·Identify features indicating correct patient restraint, positioning, beam collimation and focusing in standard radiographic views, and comment on digital image or film processing as appropriate.
·Recognise images produced by each of the methods, scintigraphy, CT, MRI.

Skills:
·Be able to produce a selection of common radiographic projections in a safe manner from canine, feline and equine patients.
·List the radiographic changes that are commonly encountered in common diseases in dogs, cats and horses.
·Speculate on the changes one might expect to encounter given various disease scenarios.
·Identify abnormal radiographic findings on radiographic images in selected cases.
·Demonstrate a methodical approach to image evaluation.
·Recognize and find normal abdominal and thoracic structures commonly encountered in ultrasound examinations

Competencies:
·Behave in accordance with the legislation (Bekendtgørelse om røntgendiagnostik anlæg til veterinært brug. Nr. 494 af 12. september 1977 & Bekendtgørelse om ændringer af bekendtgørelse om røntgendisgnostik anlæg til veterinært brug. Nr. 1089 af september 2007).
·Perform a standard radiological examination.
·Choose the appropriate imaging modality for common clinical presentations.
.Demonstrate a methodical approch to image evaluation of radiographs, CT and ultrasound.
Literature
Veterinary Diagnostic Radiology 5. ed. 2007 (Editor: Thrall) ISBN 978-1-4160-2615-0· Bekendtgørelse om røntgendiagnostik anlæg til veterinært brug. Nr. 494 af 12. september 1977.· Bekendtgørelse om ændringer af bekendtgørelse om røntgendisgnostik anlæg til veterinært brug. Nr. 1089 af september 2007.
Approved course certificate (ie. active participation in 80 % clinical exercises) of course Medicin, kirurgi og reproduktion - mindre husdyr SVEK13005 Medicin, kirurgi og reproduktion - store husdyr SVEK13004.
Course modules: 1 week introduction, 2 weeks basic radiography including radiation safety and radiobiology, 2 weeks clinical rotation to include small and large animal radiology, ultrasound, CT and MRI.
Lectures to activate the student’s prior and to present overviews of specific topics and to introduce the rotations. Introductory week 5 sessions 13.00 – 17.00Monday: Introduction and principles of diagnostic imagingTuesday: Radiation safety and radiobiologyWednesday: Basic radiologyThursday: Radiographic anatomyFriday: Ultrasound, CT, MRI and scintigraphyIntroduktionsuge 5 moduler fra kl. 13:00 – 17:00:Mandag: Introduktion og Principper for BilleddiagnostikTirsdag: Helsefysik og strplehygiejneOnsdag: Basal radiologyTorsdag: Radiografisk anatomiFredag: Ultralyd, CT, MRI og scintigrafi4 weeks activities (08.30 to 14.30)2 weeks of practicals to cover basic radiography including radiation safety and radiobiology2 weeks of clinical rotations to include small and large animal radiology, ultrasound, CT and MRI.Supervised work including e-learning and guided cases in order to facilitate the students’ learning of the methodology and principles of diagnostic imaging.
Fagets læringsmål bliver gjort tilgængeligt i elektronisk form.
  • Category
  • Hours
  • Exam
  • 4
  • Lectures
  • 12
  • Practical exercises
  • 131
  • Project work
  • 59
  • Total
  • 206
Credit
7,5 ECTS
Type of assessment
Practical written examination, 3 hours Block 1 and 2 under invigilation
Written examination, ONLY block 3 and 4 2 hours under invigilation
BLOCK 1 and 2: Practical 3 hours written hands on examination at Department.
The student will circulate between different post/ stations and are asked to interpret diagnostic images as well as perform practical tasks to demonstrate skills and competences.
The format : “closed book”, no aids permitted, where all questions must be attempted.
Content weighting: Questions and stations will cover topics: Radiation safety.
Physics of radiology will be covered to meet to ensure that the requirements of the “Sundhedsstyrelse” for veterinarians performing diagnostic radiology have been met. In addition, questions covering the other imaging modalities; Ultrasound, other aspects of radiology, CT, MRI and Scintigraphy; may be included to test understanding of the underling technology. Skills in intrepreting images generated in both small animals and horses can be tested. A good working knowledge of imaging anatomy is required.

BLOCK 3 and 4 spring 2014:
Written examination, 2 hour under invigilation at Peter Bangs Vej. The exam may include multiple choice questions, short answer questions or short essay questions.
Course certificate: During the course students must show that they are able to satisfactorily perform practical clinical tasks regarding radiation safety, normal radiographic practise and other imaging modalities.
Exam registration requirements
80 % active participation in practical and clinical exercises are required in order to obtain approved course certificate. Both, approved course certificate and a passed examination are required to pass the course.
Students may attend examination without approval of course certificate.
Aid
All aids allowed
Marking scale
passed/not passed
Censorship form
External censorship
Criteria for exam assesment
In order to pass the student will have to answer relevant questions in radiation safty and radiobiology correctly. Furthermore, the student will have to demonstrate understanding of the principles that applies to the different imaging modalities in a clinical setting.

Knowledge:
·Be able to comment on the suitability of various imaging modalities in response to selected clinical scenarios.
·Comment on the risk associated with radiographic practice and relate them to commonly encountered, non-radiological risks.
·Identify features indicating correct patient restraint, positioning, beam collimation and focusing in standard radiographic views, and comment on digital image or film processing as appropriate.
·Recognise images produced by each of the methods, scintigraphy, CT, MRI.

Skills:
·Be able to produce a selection of common radiographic projections in a safe manner from canine, feline and equine patients.
·List the radiographic changes that are commonly encountered in common diseases in dogs, cats and horses.
·Speculate on the changes one might expect to encounter given various disease scenarios.
·Identify abnormal radiographic findings on radiographic images in selected cases.
·Demonstrate a methodical approach to image evaluation.
·Recognize and find normal abdominal and thoracic structures commonly encountered in ultrasound examinations

Competencies:
·Behave in accordance with the legislation (Bekendtgørelse om røntgendiagnostik anlæg til veterinært brug. Nr. 494 af 12. september 1977 & Bekendtgørelse om ændringer af bekendtgørelse om røntgendisgnostik anlæg til veterinært brug. Nr. 1089 af september 2007).
·Perform a standard radiological examination.
·Choose the appropriate imaging modality for common clinical presentations.
.Demonstrate a methodical approch to image evaluation of radiographs, CT and ultrasound.